GcatWiki - User contributions [en]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-04-15T23:39:21Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)
-particularly, explains the signal transduction pathways for EDS1 and NDR1

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002399910023?LI=true#page-1 Plant NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Homologues]

-Fig. 1 lists some NBS-LRR genes important in plant resistance

<center>[[File:NBS-LRR_genes.png]]</center>

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1973153/ DeYoung & Innes 2006]

-explanation of Plant NBS-LRR proteins

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-04-15T23:35:21Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002399910023?LI=true#page-1 Plant NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Homologues]

-Fig. 1 lists some NBS-LRR genes important in plant resistance

<center>[[File:NBS-LRR_genes.png]]</center>

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1973153/ DeYoung & Innes 2006]

-explanation of Plant NBS-LRR proteins

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-04-15T23:32:43Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002399910023?LI=true#page-1 Plant NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Homologues]

-Fig. 1 lists some NBS-LRR genes important in plant resistance

<center>[[File:NBS-LRR_genes.png]]</center>

<center>[[File:DeYoung&Innes_2006.pdg]]</center>

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

File:NBS-LRR genes.png

2013-03-26T14:43:44Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-26T14:43:30Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002399910023?LI=true#page-1 Plant NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Homologues]

-Fig. 1 lists some NBS-LRR genes important in plant resistance

<center>[[File:NBS-LRR_genes.png]]</center>>

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-26T14:37:21Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002399910023?LI=true#page-1 Plant NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Homologues]

-Fig. 1 lists some NBS-LRR genes important in plant resistance

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:50:34Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

-explanation of R gene signal transduction, SA-dependent signaling, JA-dependent signaling, and induced systemic resistance (ISR)

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:49:22Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP9887272&id=h9yXAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=nbs-lrr+genes+blueberry+fungus+resistance&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Patent on "Plant Genes Involved in Defense Against Pathogens"]

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:39:19Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

-includes interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis'' that contradicts what the plant guy said about SAR/ISR pathways

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:38:35Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

[http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923 Glazebrook 2005]

"According to the model, gene-for-gene resistance should not be observed in in- teractions with necrotrophs, as host cell death is not predicted to limit pathogen growth. Furthermore, SA-dependent responses and SAR are not predicted to play a role, whereas responses mediated by JA and ET are expected to play a role."

interesting take on biotrophic vs. necrotrophic fungi on ''Arabidopsis''

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

File:Glazebrook 2001 gene for gene resistance.pdf

2013-03-19T18:17:57Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:16:11Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:14:44Z

Maangel: /* Gene-to-Gene Resistance */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance.pdf]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

File:Glazebrook 2001 gene-for-gene resistance.png

2013-03-19T18:13:43Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-19T18:12:48Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Gene-to-Gene Resistance ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526600001771 Glazebrook 2001]

<center>[[File:Glazebrook_2001_gene-for-gene_resistance]]</center>

"Mutations in PBS1, NDR1, EDS1, PAD4, and PBS2 block gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by some R genes."
3 different signal transduction cascades acting downstream of R genes: 1) NDR-1 (and PBS-2) dependent, 2) EDS1 (and PAD4) dependent, 3) not sure of dependence

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-03-12T18:39:28Z

Maangel: /* Things to Look Up */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Things to Look Up ==

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/12/3460.full.pdf+html Abscisic acid (AB) interactions with JA and ET pathways]

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T15:20:47Z

Maangel: /* Alternaria */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/2/637.short '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Things to Look Up ==

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T14:38:13Z

Maangel: /* 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU]

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Things to Look Up ==

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T04:26:50Z

Maangel: /* Background on Resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) genes */

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

== Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes ==

([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''])

"The majority of characterized plant R proteins resemble modular structures of the LRR-containing Toll-like receptors mediating animal innate immunity or the more recently discovered intracellular nucleotide-binding domain-LRR (Nod) proteins that are also implicated in PAMP perception in humans (Fig. 1) [4,13]. It is therefore
reasonable to speculate that R-protein-mediated recognition in plants shares mechanistic features of non-self discrimination processes in animal cells."

== 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots ==
[ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU

# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

== General Information & Genes ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138503001055 '''Parker 2003'''] 
-"innate immunity" through general elicitors (basically, molecules that are not specific to a certain cultivar)

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000''']

<center>[[File:Overview_of_Arabidopsis_pathogen_resistance.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

== Alternaria ==

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952500021077# '''Feys & Parker 2000'''] outlined the signalling cascade for ''Alternaria'' in ''Arabidopsis'':
<center>[[File:Alternaria_resistance_in_Arabidopsis.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.pnas.org/content/95/25/15107.full.pdf+html '''Thomma et al 1998'''] elucidated some of the genes in the JA and SA pathways in ''Arabidopsis''. ''PR-1, PR-2'' (a B-1,3-glucanase), and ''PR-5'' follow an SA-dependent pathway.

''PDF1.2'' (a common plant defensin), ''PR-3'' (a chitinase), and ''PR-4'' (a hevein-like protein) depend on the JA pathway

== Colletotrichum ==

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00687.x/pdf '''Miles et al. 2011'''] identified ESTs in a ''Colletotrichum''-resistant blueberry strains that were highly homologous to known defense genes, including a class II chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and β-1,3-glucanase. They also found ESTs, such as monodehydroascorbate reduc- tase (EST03) and a metallothionein-like protein (EST05), associated with oxidative stress, which helps protect the plant from oxidative damage.

<center>[[File:Blueberry_Colletotrichum_ESTs.pdf]]</center>>

== Things to Look Up ==

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction (look at dormancy)

[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.x/full Differential expression of strawberry genes as a result of ''Colletotrichum'' expression]

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T04:24:55Z

Maangel: /* General Information & Genes */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T04:24:39Z

Maangel: /* General Information & Genes */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-26T04:21:42Z

Maangel: /* General Information & Genes */

File:Alternaria resistance in Arabidopsis.pdf

2013-02-21T19:24:11Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-21T19:23:56Z

Maangel:

File:Overview of Arabidopsis pathogen resistance.pdf

2013-02-21T19:18:15Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-21T19:17:53Z

Maangel: /* General Information & Genes */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-21T19:05:46Z

Maangel: /* Alternaria */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:54:46Z

Maangel: /* Things to Look Up */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:54:33Z

Maangel:

File:Blueberry Colletotrichum ESTs.pdf

2013-02-19T19:47:50Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:47:34Z

Maangel: /* Colletotrichum */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:39:08Z

Maangel: /* General Information */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:38:57Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:38:16Z

Maangel: /* 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:37:37Z

Maangel: /* 3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:37:23Z

Maangel: /* Background on Resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) genes */

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:37:03Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:35:28Z

Maangel:

File:Alternaria defense in tomatoes.pdf

2013-02-19T19:22:11Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:22:01Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

[http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 '''Jia et al. 2013'''] discusses the role of 3 plant hormones (ethlynene [ET], jasmonic acid [JA], and salicylic acid [SA]) in necrotrophic fungal infections (such as ''Alternaria alternata'') in the tomato. They ultimately suggest the following pathway:

<center>[[File:Alternaria_defense_in_tomatoes.pdf]]</center>

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:07:51Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230 ''Botrytis cinerea''] (genomic analysis of ''Botrytis'', a necrotrophic fungus)

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:02:25Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 '''Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012'''] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:02:07Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 '''Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response''']

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T19:01:34Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response]

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T18:57:45Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response]

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T18:57:15Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response]

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways) 
–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) 
-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell 
-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003]) 
-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus 
-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes” 
-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin 

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center?[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center?[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)

File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu table3.pdf

2013-02-19T18:56:08Z

Maangel:

File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu table2.pdf

2013-02-19T18:55:49Z

Maangel:

File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu table1.pdf

2013-02-19T18:55:19Z

Maangel:

Disease resistance to fungal diseases

2013-02-19T18:54:37Z

Maangel:

[[Media:Potential_Genes_of_Interest.xlsx]]

'''Background on Resistance (''R'') genes and avirulence (''Avr'') genes''' ([http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.575 Hammond-Kosack & Jones 1997])

R genes are found in the plant, while corresponding Avr gene is in the pathogen

Presumed roles of R genes:
# help plants detect pathogenic Avr gene products
# initiate signal transduction pathways that will help defend against the pathogen
# "have the capacity to evolve new R gene specificities rapidly"

If the R gene or corresponding pathogenic Avr gene are not present or altered, then plant is infected with the disease

The R protein recognizes the Avr gene product (ligand), activating a signal transduction cascade that initiates the defense against the pathogen. Thus, the R gene is turned on in healthy plants. R proteins must be able to evolve quickly in order to target new pathogens specifically. The evolution of the Avr genes directly impacts the evolution of the related R gene (coevolution).

[http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/2/241.full#ref-11 Explanation of Chitin Signaling and Fungal Invasion Response]

-plants can recognize “surface-derived molecules” that elicit a general immune response (this is in addition to R gene-mediated pathways)

–pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs)

-PAMPs are important for microbial invasion of a host cell

-glucans, chitins, and proteins derived from fungal cell walls serve as elictors, or “pathogen derived molecules” ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:roR2_eWr0IkJ:iibce.edu.uy/cursopedeciba/seminarios%2520y%2520material%2520de%2520apoyo/2003_Montesano_Brader_Palva.pdf+elicitor+of+plant+response&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijnBFewyWFCmTd7Uu7_ItmGcc08uxEO-1BZ1cEusmypDaAwjPkQtm4jqcJKacRaajhkQgJFQ3UsdeZhJPlkyDUyd7Vg5RLHfqcqkaBcTINdi8FKJpQCihlyMx3DluToDLRRPrM&sig=AHIEtbQhHsg-pLXH8Hzr_9HmiVg2PVe9fA Montesano et al 2003])

-during fungal infection, chitinases in the infected cell degrade the chitin on the cell wall of the invading fungus

-the remaining chitin fragments (chitooligosaccarides) then also serve as elicitors that provoke necessary “defense response genes”

-LysM RLKs (LsyM domain-containing receptor-like kinases): relatively large plant-specific protein family that researchers may suggest play a significant role in detecting fungal chitin

[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10529-012-0871-1 Ceasar & Ignacimuthu 2012] identified genes (mainly chitinases and glucanases) used into genetic engineering of crop plants. The tables below list important list the genes transformed and their source organism.

<center>[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table1.pdf]]</center>
<center?[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table2.pdf]]</center>
<center?[[File:Ceasar&Ignacimuthu_table3.pdf]]</center>

'''3 Common Blueberry Fruit Rots:''' ([ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/3213.pdf OSU])
# Alternaria - postharvest rot; most common

Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima''

# Anthracnose - serious pre- and postharvest disease

Caused by ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01645.x/full Yoshida et al. 2007])

# Botrytis - normally minor, but can be severe

Caused by ''Botrytis cinerea''

'''Things to Look Up:'''

abscisic acid?

KEGG Pathway - environmental information processing - signal transduction - plant hormone transduction
(look at dormancy)